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In Marxist theory, human society consists of two parts: the base (or substructure) and superstructure; the base comprehends the forces and relations of production—employer-employee work conditions, the technical division of labour, and property relations—into which people enter to produce the necessities and amenities of life. These relations determine society’s other relationships and ideas, which are described as its superstructure. The superstructure of a society includes its culture, institutions, political power structures, roles, rituals, and state. The base ''determines'' (conditions) the superstructure, yet their relation is ''not'' strictly causal, because the superstructure often influences the base; the influence of the base, however, predominates. In Orthodox Marxism, the base determines the superstructure in a one-way relationship. Note that in some non-Germanic languages, this concept is rendered as "Infrastructure and Superstructure" which could lead to a malapropism. It has only a vague conceptual relatedness to the English sense of infrastructure. ==The model and its qualification== In developing Alexis de Tocqueville’s observations, Marx identified civil society as the economic base and political society as the political superstructure.〔Pawel Zaleski, "Tocqueville on Civilian Society. A Romantic Vision of the Dichotomic Structure of Social Reality", ''Archiv für Begriffsgeschichte'', Felix Meiner Verlag, vol. 50, (2008).〕 Marx postulated the essentials of the base–superstructure concept in his preface to ''A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy'' (1859): Marx's "base determines superstructure" axiom, however, requires qualification: #the ''base'' is the whole of productive relationships, not only a given economic element, e.g. the working class #historically, the ''superstructure'' varies and develops unevenly in society’s different activities; for example, art, politics, economics, etc. #the ''base–superstructure'' relationship is ''reciprocal''; Engels explains that the base determines the superstructure ''only in the last instance''.〔''Dictionary of the Social Sciences'', "Base and superstructure" entry.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「base and superstructure」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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